微生物实验室的装修包含多种系统设计
随着
医疗新技术和新的手术工具的不断涌现，带动了手术量的迅猛上升，而且手术室是医学技术与工程技术结合的产物，下面来讲讲
手术室建设要求以及手术室感染控制原则是怎样的？
With the continuous emergence of new medical technologies and new surgical tools, the number of operations has increased rapidly. Moreover, the operating room is the product of the combination of medical technology and engineering technology. What are the requirements of the operating room and the principles of infection control in the operating room?
手术室的要求
Operating room requirements
手术室是医院中无菌洁净要求很严格的地方之一，手术室的建设、布局、工作流程和治理都是围绕无菌要求设计的。
The operating room is one of the places in the hospital with strict aseptic and clean requirements. The construction, layout, work flow and management of the operating room are designed around the aseptic requirements.
手术室又是医疗设备密集的科室，除手术床、无影灯外，麻醉机、监护、电刀以及自体血回收机、手术显微镜、影像系统等已成为手术常用设备。随着技术的发展，新的手术工具不断涌现，如各类软硬内窥镜下手术、导航设备、立体定位系统、手术机器人等微创手术辅助设备等，如此众多的设备拥挤在手术室内，对设备布局、安装、配电及用电安全提出了更高的要求。
The operating room is also a department with dense medical equipment. In addition to the operating table and shadowless lamp, anesthesia machine, monitoring, electric knife, autologous blood recovery machine, operating microscope and imaging system have become common equipment for surgery. With the development of technology, new surgical tools are constantly emerging, such as various soft and hard endoscopic surgery, navigation equipment, stereo positioning system, surgical robot and other minimally invasive surgical auxiliary equipment. So many equipment are crowded in the operating room, which puts forward higher requirements for equipment layout, installation, power distribution and power safety.
另外，现在各家医院分散建设的导管室、膀胱镜室等，有些也是参照手术室要求建立起来的准手术室。尤其是开展参与治疗的导管室，基本上是严格按照手术室的规范治理和使用，这些科室广义上说也是扩展的手术室。这些准手术室在老医院都是见缝插针式地建设，新建医院应该综合考虑这些科室与常规手术室间的布局安排。
In addition, some of the catheter rooms and cystoscopy rooms scattered in various hospitals are also quasi operating rooms established according to the requirements of operating rooms. In particular, the catheter rooms involved in the treatment are basically managed and used in strict accordance with the specifications of the operating room. In a broad sense, these departments are also expanded operating rooms. These quasi operating rooms are built in the old hospital in a timely manner. The new hospital should comprehensively consider the layout between these departments and the conventional operating rooms.
Principles of infection control in operating room
防止和降低手术感染是手术室建设很基本的要求，感染控制的方法有：
Preventing and reducing surgical infection is a very basic requirement for the construction of the operating room. The methods of infection control include:
(1)通过术前备皮和术中对非手术区域的无菌覆盖，减少患者自身感染；(2)对手术用具和物品的严格消毒或隔离，减少外源接触感染；(3)降低空气中的灰尘和微生物粒子，减少悬浮污染物的扩散感染；(4)使用抗生素。这是一种补救措施，其靠药物往控制已发生的感染。
(1) Through preoperative skin preparation and aseptic coverage of non-surgical areas during the operation, the patient's self infection can be reduced; (2) Strictly disinfect or isolate surgical instruments and articles to reduce external contact infection; (3) Reduce the dust and microbial particles in the air and reduce the diffusion and infection of suspended pollutants; (4) Use antibiotics. This is a remedial measure that relies on drugs to control the infection that has occurred.
我国目前普遍存在的题目是，只注重预防感染结果，而忽略了对感染的全过程控制。临床表现是依靠大量抗生素来减少术后感染率，而对手术无菌过程缺乏严格控制。
At present, the common problem in our country is that we only pay attention to the prevention of infection results and neglect the whole process control of infection. The clinical manifestation is to rely on a large number of antibiotics to reduce the postoperative infection rate, while the aseptic process of the operation lacks strict control.
为减少抗生素的滥用，必须进步手术室洁净水平，严格无菌操纵和治理，加强对整个手术过程的控制，切断所有可能的污染途径(包括空气)，阻止细菌接触手术创口进进人体。
In order to reduce the abuse of antibiotics, it is necessary to improve the cleanliness level of the operating room, strictly control the aseptic operation and treatment, strengthen the control of the whole operation process, cut off all possible pollution channels (including air), and prevent bacteria from contacting the surgical wound and entering the human body.
LAPC9306手持式尘埃粒子计数器
该仪器是公司最新研制成功的采用全半体激光传感器的手持式激光尘埃粒子计数器，可与PC电脑数据采集系统连接可进行远程控制，可直接观测仪器的测试情况，测试数据可通过电脑进行分析处理并可以保存为Excel文件。技术指标均满足国家计量总局颁布的JJG547-88检定规程的要求，整机功能采用美国微电脑控制处理技术及半导体激光传感器技术及进口气泵，具有功能多、测量精度高、速度快、便于携带和操作简单等特点。仪器一次采样可同时测得多种粒径的尘埃粒子数，该产品已被广泛应用于电子生产企业洁净室检测；过滤器现场检测、捡漏；可监测生物安全，HVAC系统，计算机室，饮料包装环境，药品、医疗器械生产环境，医院洁净手术室，汽车喷涂环境,微电子、生化制品、食品卫生、精细化工、精密机械和航空航天等生产和科研部门，是暖通空调和制药企业及其监督管理部门贯彻GMP规范和电子生产企业首选仪器。
主要技术参数：
光源 | 半导体激光器, 寿命大于35000小时 |
采样流量 | 2.83L/min （0.1ft3）美国进口气泵 |
显示方式 | 液晶屏显示（LCD彩屏） 、实时显示、上一周期显示、实时浓度显示、可显示时间、日期、测量值、温湿度、房间号、采样点、采样次数、电池电量、状态等参数、 95% UCL 计算, 可直接显示粒子浓度 (颗/立方米) |
可充电电池 | 锂离子电池，7.4 V，2200mAh. |
供电电源 | 交流电源适配器，AC ：100V～245 V，50/60 Hz至 DC： 7.4 V，1 A； |
工作时间 | 6 小时（剩余电量指示） |
计数模式 | 累计值，差值，浓度值 |
测试方式 | 单一、连续、远程、 |
单位换算 | 单位可换算成m3 |
粒径通道 | 0.3 、 0.5、 1.0、 3.0、 5.0、 10μm, 六档粒径同时计数. |
采样周期 | 1～10000(s) 延时计数：0～99（S ） 自净时间：≤10 （min ） |
工作环境 | 温度:10～40℃ (50～104℉) 相对温度:20～90%RH,无凝露. 大气压力：86-106KPa |
温湿度： | 选购 （1）温度：0～50℃±1℃. （2）湿度：0～100%RH±5% |
UCL设置 | 采样点数（A）：2～9点设定。 每点采样次数：（L）2～9次设定 测量位置：0-999 |
UCL报表 | 符合ISO14644-1、GB50073-2001、 GMP、FS-209E标准 |
数据存储 | 可存储20000组数据（循环式缓冲区）(包括粒径、数据、环境数据、年、月、日、时间，采样量，数据位置口)，断电后数据不丢失。 |
通讯接口 | RS232，9600波特率 |
报警设置 | 仪器带级别报警功能，可对洁净室100级，1000级，10000级，100000级，300000级级超标后报警 电池电压过低报警 |
零计数 | 符合JJG-547-88尘埃粒子计数器检定规程要求 JIS B9921:1997 每五分钟少于1个 |
重叠误差 | 5 %，2,000,000粒/立方英尺时 |
打印功能 | 外置打印机（选购件） |
外形尺寸 | 230×130×45(mm) |
重量 | 0.6kg |
标准配置 | 手提箱/充电器、等动力采样头、零过滤器、RS 232连接线、电脑连接通讯软件光盘 |
选购件 | 外置无线蓝牙打印机，专业三角采样架，温湿度传感器 |
